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CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS

HY

CHARLES E. HELLMAYR

ASSOCIATK CURATOR OF BIRDS

PART XI PLOCEIDAE - CATAMBLYRHYNCHIDAE - FRINGILLIDAE

ZOOLOGICAL SERIES » FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME XIII, PART XI

DKORMBER 31, 193X PUBLICATION 430

CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS AND THE ADJACENT ISLANDS

IN FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

INCLUDING ALL SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES KNOWN TO OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA

MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA. SOUTH AMERICA, THE WEST INDIES, AND

ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN SEA, THE GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO

AND OTHER ISLANDS WHICH MAY BE INCLUDED ON

ACCOUNT OF THEIR FAUNAL AFFINITIES

BY

CHARLES E. HELLMAYR

ASSOCIATE CURATOR OF BIRDS

PART XI PLOCEIDAE - CATAMBLYRHYNCHIDAE - FRINGILLIDAE

ZOOLOGICAL SERIES

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

VOLUME XIII, PART XI

DECEMBER 31, 1938

PUBLICATION 430

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS

v. 13 "

PREFACE TO PART XI

The present installment, principally devoted to one large family, the Fringillidae, concludes the treatment of the American Passeri- formes. It contains the enumeration, together with extensive bibliographic references, of the species and subspecies recognized as valid by the author. The arrangement of the finches as indicated in the succeeding pages is purely tentative, though it is mainly based on the scheme advanced by the late Peter Sushkin (The Auk, 42, pp. 259-261, 1925), according to the characters of the bony palate in the North American genera. The ultimate allocation of many neo- tropical groups depends, however, on the study of their anatomy, and in the absence of such data the author has been forced to rely on external features and analogy. In many cases it remains clearly an open question whether certain common characters are the expres- sion of natural affinity or merely the result of secondary adaptation through parallel development.

In style and scope this part closely follows the standard adopted for the preceding volumes. It must be emphasized that it has not been the author's aim to write a monograph of the groups here treated. For such a task neither material nor time has been avail- able. In a work of this magnitude it is simply impossible to investi- gate everything independently, and the author has to rely largely on the researches of others. In the case of many North American genera notably, where the author's own studies have been limited, and the accessible series have been inadequate, the account is principally, if not exclusively, based on recent monographs or revisions. Still, it is hoped that in spite of the many shortcomings, of which the author is only too well aware, the present volume may be of some service to ornithologists, containing, as it does, a digest of our actual knowledge of the birds forming the family of finches.

In perusing the list of specimens in Field Museum, it is well to keep in mind that only a certain percentage of the material has been accessible to the author for re-examination. Errors of identification or allocation, especially of migratory birds, should, therefore, be regarded with indulgence.

Various museums and individuals have again co-operated in the preparation of this volume by the loan of material or by supplying information on types or disputed questions. The author wishes particularly to express his gratitude to M. Jacques Berlioz of Paris, Dr. Enrico Festa of Torino, Count Nils Gyldenstolpe of Stock-

iii

holm, Mr. Norman B. Kinnear of the British Museum, Professor A. Laubmann of Munich, Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood of Field Museum, Chicago, Mr. J. L. Peters of Cambridge, Massachusetts, Count Josef Seilern of Lukov, Cz. S. R., and Mr. John T. Zimmer of New York. He is also under great obligation to Professor Hermann Michel, Director, and Dr. M. Sassi, Curator of Birds, in the Museum of Natural History in Vienna, Austria, for continued free access to the collections and libraries under their care.

C. E. HELLMAYR May 26, 19S6

CONTENTS

Orders, Families, and Genera Included in Part XI

ORDER PASSERIFORMES SUBORDER OSCINES

FAMILY PLOCEIDAE (Weaver Finches)

Passer Brisson

Ploceus Cuvier

Spermestes Swainson . Estrilda Swainson . . .

PAGE

1

2 3 3

FAMILY CATAMBLYRHYNCHIDAE (Plush-capped Finches)

Catamblyrhynchus Lafresnaye 4

FAMILY FRINGILLIDAE

(Grosbeaks, Finches, Sparrows,

and Buntings)

SUBFAMILY RICHMONDENINAE

(Cardinals and Allies)

Saltator Vieillot 6

Rhodothraupis Ridgway 44

Caryothraustes Reichenbach 45

Periporphyrus Reichenbach 51

Pitylus Cuvier 52

Gubernalrix Lesson 56

Paroaria Bonaparte 58

Richmondena Mathews and

Iredale 67

Pyrrhuloxia Bonaparte 75

Pheitclicus Reichenbach 77

Hedymeles Cabanis 85

Guiraca Swainson 88

Cyanocompsa Cabanis 91

Cyanoloxia Bonaparte 105

Passerina Vieillot 106

Porphyrospiza Sclater and Salvin. . 113

Tiaris Swainson 114

Spiza Bonaparte 128

SUBFAMILY GEOSPIZINAE

(Ground Finches)

Geospiza Gould 130

Platyspiza Ridgway 136

Camarhynchus Gould 137

Cactospiza Ridgway 140

Certhidea Gould 142

Pinaroloxias Sharpe ... . 145

SUBFAMILY FRINGILLINAE

(Finches)

PAGE

Fringilla Linnaeus 146

SUBFAMILY CARDUELINAE

(Purple Finches, Goldfinches, and Allies)

Coccothraustes Brisson 146

Hesperiphona Bonaparte 147

Pyrrhula Brisson 151

Carpodacus Kaup 151

Melanospiza Ridgway 1 58

Loxipasser Bryant 158

Loxigilla Lesson 159

Melopyrrha Bonaparte 167

Piezorhina Lafresnaye 169

Neorhynchus Sclater 169

Sporophila Cabanis 171

Catamenia Bonaparte 227

Amaurospizopsis Griscom 236

Amaurospiza Cabanis 237

Dolospingus Elliot 239

Oryzoborus Cabanis 240

Volatinia Reichenbach 249

Pinicola Vieillot 256

Leucosticte Swainson 260

Chloris Cuvier 264

Carduelis Brisson 264

Acanthis Borkhausen 264

Loximitris Bryant 269

Spinus Koch 270

Loxia Linnaeus 302

Gnathospiza Taczanowski 306

Sicalis Boie 306

SUBFAMILY EMBERIZINAE

(Sparrows and Buntings)

Diuca Reichenbach 335

Idiopsar Cassin 340

Phrygilus Cabanis 340

Melanodera Bonaparte 364

Spodiornis Sclater 369

Acanlhidops Ridgway 371

Haplospiza Cabanis 372

Lophospingus Cabanis

Charitospiza Oberholser

Coryphospingus Cabanis

Rhodospingus Sharpe

Pezopetes Cabanis

Pselliophorus Ridgway

Atlapetes Wagler

Lysurus Ridgway

Arremon Vieillot

Arremonops Ridgway

Oberholseria Richmond

Pipilo VieiUot

Torreornis Barbour and Peters . .

M elozone Reichenbach

Plagiospiza Ridgway

Calamospiza Bonaparte

Myospiza Ridgway

Passercidus Bonaparte

Ammodramus Swainson

Passerherbulus Stone

Xenospiza Bangs

Ammospiza Oberholser

Pooecetes Baird . .

. . 373 Chondestes Swainson 514

. . 374 Rhynchospiza RMgway 515

. . 375 Aimophila Swainson 516

. . 381 Incaspiza Ridgway 537

. . 382 Amphispiza Coues 539

. . 383 Junco Wagler 544

. . 384 Spizella Bonaparte 555

. . 423 Zonotrichia Swainson 565

. . 424 Passerella Swainson 586

. . 439 Melospiza Baird 593

. . 450 Emberizoides Temminck 608

. . 452 Coryphaspiza G. R. Gray 614

. . 469 Xenospingus Cabanis 615

. . 469 Donacospiza Cabanis 616

. . 474 Poospiza Cabanis 617

. . 475 Poospizopsis Berlepsch 631

. . 476 Compsospiza Berlepsch 631

. . 485 SaUatricula Burmeister 632

. . 494 Embernagra Lesson 663

. . 502 Rhynchophanes Baird 639

. . 503 Calcarius Bechstein 639

. . 504 Plectrophenax Stejneger 642

. . 512 Emberiza Linnaeus ... . . 645

LIST OF NEW NAMES PROPOSED IN PART XI Sporophila nigricoUis vivida, nom. nov 209

CATALOGUE

OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS

BY CHARLES E. HELLMAYR

PART XI

Order PASSERIFORMES— Concluded Suborder OSCINES— Concluded

Family PLOCEIDAE. Weaver Finches

Subfamily PASSERINAE. House Sparrows

Genus PASSER Brisson

Passer Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 36; 3, p. 71, 1760— type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List

Gen. Bds., p. 46, 1840, and I.e., 2nd ed., p. 60, 1841), Fringilla domestica

Linnaeus. Pyrgita Cuvier, Regne Anim., 1, p. 385, 1817 [= Dec. 7, 1816] — type, by subs.

desig. (Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 298, 1888), Fringilla domestica

Linnaeus. Salicipasser Bogdanow, Trud. Obsh. Kasan, 8, No. 4, p. 60, 1879— type, by

orig. desig., Fringilla montana Linnaeus.

*Passer domes tic us domes ticus (Linnaeus). ENGLISH SPARROW.

Fringilla domestica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., l,p. 183,1758— "in Europa"; Sweden accepted as type locality.

Passer hostilis Kleinschmidt, Falco, 11, p. 19, Dec., 1915 — Tring, England (type in coll. of 0. Kleinschmidt).

Passer domesticus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 143, 1901 (monog.); Berg, Comun. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 1, p. 283, 1901 — Buenos Aires and Montevideo; Townsend and Hardy, Auk, 26, p. 78, 1909 (meas. of N. Amer. spec.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 390, 1910 (range in Argentina); Phillips, Auk, 32, pp. 51-59, 1915 (crit., meas.); Marelli, El Hornero, 1, p. 80, 1918— Curuzu Cuatia, Corrientes; Sanzin, I.e., p. 152, 1918— Mendoza; Reboratti, I.e., p. 194, 1918— Concepcion, Corrientes; Renard, I.e., 2, p. 60, 1920— Canuelos, Buenos Aires; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 331, 1923 — Puesto Horno and Huanuluan, Rio Negro; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 332 — Falkland Islands; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 431, 1926— Argentina (Las Palmas and Resis-

2 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII

tencia, Chaco; Santa Fe to Vera, Santa Fe; Formosa; Victorica, Pampa; Potrerillos and Tunuyan, Mendoza), Paraguay (Asuncion), Uruguay, and Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul and Rio de Janeiro); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 236, 1927— Argentina.

Passer domesticus domesticus Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 245, 1919 — Isla Martin Garcia, Buenos Aires; Laubmann, Wiss. Ergeb. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 246, 1930— Estancia La Germania, Santa Fe (crit.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 96, 1932 (range in Chile).

Range.— British Isles1 and Europe generally, excepting Italy, east to Siberia. Introduced into various parts of America, and now widely distributed throughout North America, in parts of Mexico, in the Bermudas, Bahamas (New Providence), Cuba, southeastern Brazil (Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay,2 Paraguay, northern Argentina (south to the Rio Negro and west to Mendoza, the Chaco, and Tucuman), Chile (from Antofagasta south to Malleco), and in the Falkland Islands.

52: Saskatchewan (Lake Johnston, 1); New York (Shelter Island, 3); Massachusetts (Great Island, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 15); Illinois (Highland Park, 1; Ravinia, 1; Chicago, 3; Jackson Park, Chicago, 1; Joliet, 8; Addison, 1; Grand Chain, 1); Indiana (Bluffton, 2); Ohio (Columbus, 1); Louisiana (Buras, 5); California (San Jose", 1); Bahama Islands (Nassau, 2); Chile (Caldera, Ata- cama, 4); Argentina (Pasto Ventura, Catamarca, 1).

Passer montanus montanus (Linnaeus). EUROPEAN TREE SPARROW.

Fringilla montana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 183, 1758 — "in Europe";

Sweden accepted as type locality. Passer montanus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 145, 1901

(monog., full bibliog.).

Range. — British Isles, Europe, and northern Siberia; introduced into the United States at St. Louis, Missouri, where it has become acclimatized.

Subfamily PLOCEINAE. Weaverbirds Genus PLOCEUS Cuvier3

Ploceus Cuvier, Regne Anim., 1, p. 383, "1817" [=Dec. 7, 1816]— type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 42, 1840), Loxia philippina Linnaeus.

1 About the proposed segregation of the British House Sparrow, cf. Stresemann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 33, pp. 47-49, 1913, and Hartert, Vogel Pal. Fauna, 3, pp. 2066-2067, 1921.

1 If the Uruguayan population really originated in stock imported from Italy, this would be P. d. italiae (Vieillot), but the fact remains in doubt.

3 Satisfactory subdivision of the genus appears to be impracticable.

1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 3

Textor Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 54, p. [2] of text to Genus Oriolus Linn., Feb. 12, 1825 — type, by monotypy, Oriolus textor Gme\\n=Oriolus cucullatus P. L. S. Muller (cf. Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 34, p. 78, 1921).

Hyphantornis Gray, Genera of Birds, 1, Part 1, p. [1] of Ploceinae, May, 1844 — type, by subs, desig. (Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 53, p. 596, 1917), Hyphantornis grandis Gray.

Ploceus cucullatus cucullatus (P. L. S. Muller). BLACK-AND

YELLOW-MANTLED WEAVERBIRD.

Oriolus cucullatus P. L. S. Muller,1 Natursyst., Suppl., p. 87, 1776— based

on "Troupiale male, du Senegal" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 375; Senegal. Hyphantornis cucullatus Richmond, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 72, No. 6, p. 47, fig.

47, 1921— Haiti; Danforth, Auk, 46, p. 373, 1929— Port-au-Prince, road

to St. Marc, and Artibonite Sloughs, Haiti. Textor cucullatus Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 510, 1928— Miri-

goane, Port-au-Prince, Lake SaumStre, Trou Caiman, and Ennery, Haiti. Textor cucullatus cucullatus Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155,

p. 401, 1926— Haiti (habits, nest); Wetmore, Auk, 50, p. 450, 1933—

Barahona, Palo Alto, etc., Dominican Republic.

Range. — Introduced from West Africa to the island of His- paniola, Greater Antilles, now acclimatized at various localities in Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

Subfamily ESTRILDINAE. Bengalies and Wydahs Genus SPERMESTES Swainson

Spermestes Swainson, in Jardine, Natur. Libr., Orn., 7 (Bds. W. Africa, 1), p. 201, May, 1837 — type, by monotypy, Spermestes cucullata Swainson.

Spermestes cucullatus cucullatus Swainson. HOODED WEAVER-FINCH.

Spermestes cucullata Swainson, in Jardine, Natur. Libr., Orn., 7 (Bds. W.

Africa, 1), p. 201, May, 1837— no locality indicated = Senegal. Loxia prasipteron Lesson, Rev. Zool., 2, p. 104, 1839 — Senegal. Spermestes cucullata Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 285, 1907—

Porto Rico (monog., full bibliog.). Spermestes cucullatus cucullatus Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & Virgin

Islands, 9, p. 528, 1927 — Porto Rico (habits).

Range. — Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles (introduced from western Africa).

Genus ESTRILDA Swainson

Esirilda Swainson, Zool. Journ., 3, No. 11, Sept.-Dec. 31, p. 349, 1827 — type, by orig. desig., Loxia astrild Linnaeus.

1 Oriolus cuculatus fsic] in the headline, but correctly spelled in margin and index.

4 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII

Estrilda melpoda melpoda (Vieillot). SCARLET-CHEEKED WEAVER-FINCH.

Fringilla melpoda Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 12, p. 177, 1817— "dans 1'Inde et sur la c6te occidentale de l'Afrique"= Senegal (cf. Neu- mann, Anzeiger Orn. Ges. Bay., 2, No. 4, p. 154, 1932).

Estrilda melpoda Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 286, 1907 (monog., full bibliog.).

Estrilda melpoda melpoda Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & Virgin Islands, 9, p. 530, 1927— Porto Rico (habits).

Range. — Western Africa, from Senegambia to Portuguese Guinea. Introduced in Porto Rico,1 Greater Antilles, and common locally in the southwestern portion of the island.2

Family CATAMBLYRHYNCHIDAE. Plush-capped Finches Genus CATAMBLYRHYNCHUS Lafresnaye

Catamblyrhynchus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 301, 1842 — type, by mono-

typy. Catamblyrhynchus diadema Lafresnaye. Bustamantia Bonaparte, Nuov. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bologna, (2), 1, p. 397, July,

1844; idem, Atti Sesta Riun. Scienz. Ital. Milano, p. 317, 1845— type,

by orig. desig., Bustamantia capitaurea Bonaparte.

"Catamblyrhynchus diadema diadema (Lafresnaye). NORTH- ERN PLUSH-CAPPED FINCH.

Catamblyrhynchus diadema Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 301, 1842 — "in Colombia" (type, from Bogota, in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 368, 1930); idem, Mag. Zool., (2), 5, pi. 34, 1843— Bogota, Colombia; Gray and Mitchell, Genera of Bds., 2, p. 385, pi. xciii, 1844 — Bogota; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 159, 1855 — Bogota; Jardine, Edinb. New Phil. Journ., (n.s.), 3, p. 91, 1856 — eastern range of Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer.Bds.,p. 106, 1862— Bogota; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool . Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 507— Santa Elena, Antioquia, Colombia ; Berlepsch and Taczanowski,l.c., 1884, p.293— Cayandeled and Chaguarpata, Ecuador; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 142, 1888— part, Colombia (Bogota, Medellin, San Sebastian) and Ecuador (Intag, "Sarayacu"); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 72, 1889 — "Nanegal," Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 473 — "Mindo," Ecuador; M£negaux, Miss. Serv. G6ogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B74, 1911 — Chorillos, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 554, 1917— Andes west of Popayan, above Salento, and El Eden, Colombia; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14,

1 According to Neumann (I.e., p. 155), Porto Rico birds agree with others from Senegambia.

1 As recorded by Pelzeln (Orn. Bras., 3, p. 232, note 3, 1870), specimens of Hypochera "ultramarina" were shot by Natterer on July 1, 1821, at Sao Chris- tovao, near Rio de Janeiro. These birds, which are still in the Vienna Museum, had no doubt escaped from captivity. They seem to belong to H. funerea nigerrima Sharpe, from Angola.

1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 5

No. 25, p. 78, 1922— near Mindo, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.

N. H., 55, p. 604, 1926— "Nanegal," "Gualea," Hacienda Garz6n, Baeza,

upper Sumaco, and upper Rio Upano, Ecuador; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist.

Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 628, 1932— Las Palmas and El Portete de Tarqui,

Ecuador. Bustamantia capitaurea Bonaparte, Nuov. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bologna, (2), 1,

p. 397, July, 1844— Santa Fe" de Bogota, Colombia (type in coll. of O.

Antinori, Perugia); idem, Atti Sesta Riun. Scienz. Ital. Milano, pp. 318,

406, 1845— Santa F<§ de Bogota. Catamblyrhynchus diadema diadema Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus.,

14, p. 535, 1922— San Sebastian, Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, Colombia.

Range. — Temperate and upper Subtropical zones of Ecuador, Colombia, and western Venezuela, east to the Caracas region.1 3: Colombia ("Bogota," 2); Venezuela (Rio Mucujon, Me"rida, 1).

Catamblyrhynchus diadema citrinifrons Berlepsch and Stolz- mann.2 SOUTHERN PLUSH-CAPPED FINCH.

Catamblyrhynchus diadema citrinifrons Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 350 — Maraynioc, Dept. Junin, Peru (type in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 168, 1927).

Catamblyrhynchus diadema pallida Carriker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 330, June, 1934 — Porculla Pass, Dept. Lambayeque, Peru (type in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; descr. of young).

1 Birds from western Ecuador and Colombia (all three ranges) agree well together. Two adults from La Cuchilla, MSrida, are not different either, but a third specimen from the same region (Rio Mucujon) has the forehead much lighter and of the same clear lemon yellow as C. d. citrinifrons. A single male from Cerro del Avila, near Caracas, is slightly smaller (wing, 62; tail, 66), and has a few uropygial feathers tipped with light rufous. In every other color character it can be matched by individuals from Colombia. Specimens from eastern Ecuador, whence we have no material, are stated by Chapman to approach citrinifrons in color of forehead.

Additional material examined. — Venezuela: Galipan, Cerro del Avila, 1; La Cuchilla, Me"rida, 2.— Colombia: "Bogota," 5; La Pica, Santander, 2; El Eden, Quindio Andes, 1; Sancudo, Caldas, 1; coast range west of Popayan, 2. — Ecuador: above Nanegal, 3; "Quito," 1.

1 Catamblyrhynchus diadema citrinifrons Berlepsch and Stolzmann : Similar to C. d. diadema, but patch on forecrown paler, lemon yellow to lemon chrome instead of light cadmium to orange yellow, and frontal feathers shorter as well as softer and recumbent rather than erect; under parts lighter rufous. Wing, 69, (female) 66; tail, 73, (female) 70-71; bill, 9^-11.

The characters of C. d. pallida, viz., brownish loral spot, sooty occiput, olive grayish back, and small size, are those of the Juvenal plumage, as is plainly shown by similarly colored examples from Colombia. Besides, an adult male from Palambla, Dept. Piura, in the same general region as the type locality, which we have seen in the American Museum of Natural History of New York, does not differ from Junfn examples. An immature female from Incachaca, Bolivia, apparently belongs here too, showing the characteristic pale ventral surface and the light (lemon yellow) frontal patch.

Four specimens from Maraynioc, one from Palambla, and one from Incachaca (Prov. Cochabamba), Bolivia, examined.

6 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII

Catamblyrhynchus diadema (not of Lafresnaye) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 520 — Pumamarca and Maraynioc, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 24, 1886— same localities; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 142, 1888— part, Peru.

Range. — Temperate and upper Subtropical zones of Peru (Palam- bla, Dept. Piura; Porculla Pass, Dept. Lambayeque; Maraynioc, Huacapistana, and Pumamarca, Dept. Junin; Oconeque, Dept. Puno) and Bolivia (Incachaca, Dept. Cochabamba).

Family FRINGILLIDAE. Grosbeaks, Finches, Sparrows, and Buntings

Subfamily RICHMONDENINAE. Cardinals and Allies Genus SALTATOR Vieillot1

Saltator Vieillot, Analyse Nouv. Orn. Elem., p. 32, April, 1816 — type, by monotypy, "Grand Tangara, Buffon" = Tanagra maxima P. L. S. Miiller.

Stelgidostomus Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 226, 1898— type, by orig. desig., Saltator maxillosus Cabanis.

*Saltator atriceps atriceps (Lesson).2 BLACK-HEADED SALTATOR.

Tanagra (Saltator) atriceps Lesson, Cent. Zool., p. 208, pi. 69, before May, 1832 — Mexico (location of type not stated, but presumably in the Paris Museum).

Tanagra gnatho Lichtenstein, Preis.-Verz. Saug., Vogel, etc., Mexico, p. 2, 1830 — Mexico (type, from Papantla, in Berlin Museum); Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 11, p. 56, 1863 (reprint).

Arremon giganteus Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, "1837," p. 117, pub. June 14, 1838 — Guatemala (type in coll. of Col. Velasquez de Leon).

Saltator atriceps Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 488, 1850 — Mexico; Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 142, 1851 — Mexico; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 69, 1856 — part, southern Mexico (Papantla, vicinity of Cordoba) and Guatemala (Escuintla) (monog.); idem, I.e., 24, p. 302, 1856— Cordoba, Mexico; idem, I.e., 26, p. 358, 1858 — Comayagua, Honduras; Moore, I.e., 27, p. 58, 1859— Omoa, Honduras; Sclater, I.e., 27, pp. 364, 377, 1859— vicinity of Jalapa (Vera Cruz) and Playa Vicente (Oaxaca), Mexico; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 14 — part, Comayagua, Honduras; Taylor, Ibis, I860, p. Ill — near Comayagua; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 95, 1862 — Vera Cruz, Mexico; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 174 — vicin- ity of Mexico City; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 549, 1869— hot and temperate regions of Vera Cruz; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 836— Honduras; Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 19, 1876 — Guichicovi and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca; Boucard, Ann. Linn. Soc.

1 About anatomy and classification, cf. Clark, Auk, 30, pp. 262-264, 1913.

1 A new race, S. a. flatdcrissus Griscom (Auk, 54, p. 198, April, 1937 — type, from Isguagilife, Guerrero, in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.) has lately been discovered in the State of Guerrero, southwestern Mexico. It dif- fers by slightly broader pectoral band, less brownish flanks, and more olive ochra- ceous, less orange crissum.

1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 7

Lyon, (n.s.), 25, p. 43, 1878— Guatemala; Nutting, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 6, pp. 382, 400, 1883— Sucuya and Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; Salvin and God- man, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 325, 1884 — part, Mexico (excl. Yucatan) south to Nicaragua; Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 141, 1886— Janhuitlan(?), Oaxaca, and Plan del Rio, Vera Cruz; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 283, 1886— part, spec, a-d, g-o, r, Mexico (Vera Cruz, Jalapa), Belize, Guatemala (Chisec, Coban, Vera Paz, Retalhuleu, San Diego, San Pedro Martir, El Zapote), and Nicaragua; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 586, 1888— Segovia River, Hon- duras; Richmond, I.e., 16, p. 491, 1893 — Greytown, Nicaragua; idem, I.e., 18, p. 631, 1896 — Alta Mira, Tamaulipas; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 10, p. 28, 1898— Jalapa, Mexico; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 120, 1907 — Guatemala (Gualan, Mazatenango, Patulul, Lake Amatitlan) ; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1112, 1912 (range, excl. of Yucatan).

Saltator atriceps atriceps Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, pp. 661, 674, 1901— Mexico (excl. of Yucatan) to Costa Rica (monog.); Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 155, 1903— Yaruca, Honduras; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 878, 1910 — El Hogar, Costa Rica (crit.); Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 485, 1927 — Presidio and Motzo- rongo, Vera Cruz; Bangs and Peters, I.e., 68, p. 402, 1928 — Almaloya and Tapanatepec, Oaxaca; Austin, I.e., 69, p. 389, 1929 — south of Progreso, Honduras (crit.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 353, 1932— Guatemala (Finca Chama, Sepacuite, Secanquim, Hacienda California, Finca El Cipres, San Felipe); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 341, 1932 — San Juancito and Cantarranas, Honduras.

Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Mexico, from southern Tamaulipas (Alta Mira) through Vera Cruz, Puebla, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Tabasco, and Guatemala to Nicaragua and eastern Costa Rica.1

15: Mexico (Atoyac, Vera Cniz, 1; unspecified, 1); Guatemala (Salama, Baja Vera Paz, 1; Gualan, Zacapa, 3; Mazatenango, 1; Patulul, Solola, 3; Lake Amatitlan, 1); Nicaragua (San Geronimo, Chinandega, 4).

*Saltator atriceps raptor (Cabot).2 YUCATAN BLACK-HEADED SALTATOR.

1 Birds from Central America and Costa Rica are, as has been pointed out by Ridgway and Peters, so variously intermediate between the Mexican atriceps (with complete black pectoral band and black auriculars) and lacertosus that no fast line can be drawn between the ranges of the two races. It is entirely a matter of personal preference and depends largely on the material to which a given author has access whether the inhabitants of that area of intermediacy are referred to the one form rather than to the other.

2 Saltator atriceps raptor (Cabot) differs from the nominate race by decidedly paler gray breast and abdomen with very little, if any, olivaceous tinge on the flanks.

Though we have no difficulty in separating six Yucatan skins by their paler under parts, this 'form is perhaps a little doubtful since Griscom refuses to admit its distinctness.

8 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII

Pyrrhula raptor Cabot, Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 5, No. 1, p. 90, pi. 12, Jan., 1845 — Yucatan (part, descr. of male; cotypes in coll. of S. Cabot, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Auk, 32, p. 169, 1915, and Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 375, 1930).

Saltator alriceps (not of Lesson) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 69, 1856— part, Yucatan; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 14— part, Yucatan; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 200, 1869— Merida, Yucatan; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 443 — City of Merida and Izamal, Yucatan; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 325, 1884 — part, Yucatan; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 283, 1886— part, spec, e, f, Yucatan; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1112, 1912 — part, Yucatan.

Saltator alriceps atriceps Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 661, 1901 — part, Yucatan; Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 50, p. 142, 1906 — Chichen-Itza, Yucatan; Griscom, Amer. Mus. Novit., 235, p. 17, 1926 — Palmul, Yucatan (crit.).

Saltator atriceps raptor Peters, Auk, 30, p. 380, 1913— Camp Mengel, Quintana Roo (crit.).

Range. — Yucatan Peninsula and probably the adjacent parts of British Honduras.

1: Mexico (Yucatan, 1).

*Saltator atriceps lacertosus Bangs. PANAMA BLACK-HEADED SALTATOR.

Saltator lacertosus Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 31, 1900— Loma del Leon, Panama (type in coll. of E. A. and 0. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 375, 1930).

Saltator atriceps (not of Lesson) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 297, 1861— Lion Hill, Panama; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 351— Panama Railroad; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 102, 1868— Pacuare, Costa Rica; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 421 — Panama; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 325, 1884 — part, Costa Rica (Pacuare) and Panama (Lion Hill, Obispo, Panama City); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 283, 1886— part, spec, p, q, s-u, Costa Rica and Panama; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. Ill, 1887— Naranjo, Costa Rica.

Saltator atriceps lacertosus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 663, 1901 — Panama to Costa Rica (Talamanca); Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 68, 1902— Boquete, Chiriqui; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 878, 1910— Costa Rica (Jimenez, Naranjo, Guayabo, Juan Vinas, El Hogar) ; Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 281, 1910— Guayabo, Costa Rica; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1112, 1912— Costa Rica (Talamanca) to Panama; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 276, 1918 — Agua Clara, Panama (nest and eggs descr.); Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 322, 1924 — New Culebra, Panama; Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 461, 1928— Almirante and Chiri-

1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 9

quicito, Panama; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 338, 1931 — Almirante and Guabo, Panama.

Range. — Tropical zone of Caribbean Costa Rica and western Panama east to the Canal Zone.1

5 : Costa Rica (Guayabo, 1 ; Matina, 1 ; Santa Cruz de Turrialba, 1; Guapiles, 1); Panama (Colon, 1).

*Saltator maximus gigantodes Cabanis. BUFF-THROATED SALTATOR.

Saltator gigantodes Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 142, Oct., 1851 — Mexico (type in Heine Collection, now in Municipal Museum, Halberstadt).

Saltator magnoides (not of Lafresnaye) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 69, 1856— part, Cordoba, Mexico; idem, I.e., 24, p. 302, 1856— Cordoba; idem, I.e., 27, pp. 364, 377, 1859— vicinity of Jalapa (Vera Cruz) and Playa Vicente (Oaxaca), Mexico; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 95, 1862— part, spec, b, Vera Cruz; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 174— Valley of Mexico; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 549, 1869— hot region of Vera Cruz; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 327, 1884 — part, Mexican references and localities; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 284, 1886 — part, spec, a, b, Jalapa and Vera Cruz, Mexico; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1112, 1912— Mexico.

Saltator magnoides magnoides Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 663, 1901 — southern Mexico (monog.); Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 485, 1927— Motzorongo, Vera Cruz.

Saltator magnoides gigantodes Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 467, 1929 — southern Mexico (crit.).

Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Mexico, in states of Vera Cruz, (?)Tabasco, and Oaxaca.2 1: Mexico (Teapa, Tabasco, 1).

*Saltator maximus magnoides Lafresnaye. CENTRAL-AMERICAN BUFF-THROATED SALTATOR.

Saltator magnoides Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 7, p. 41, 1844 — "Mexico," errore, = Guatemala (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Com- parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 375, 19303); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 69, 1856— part, descr. and hab. Coban, Guatemala; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 95, 1862— part, spec, a, Guatemala; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 327, 1884 — part, Guatemala to Costa Rica; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 284, 1886— part, spec, c-1, Belize, Guatemala (Coban,

1 Six Costa Rican specimens are nearer to S. a. lacertosus, as represented by skins from the Canal Zone and Chiriquf (Boquete).

2 Additional material examined. — Vera Cruz: Jalapa, 5; Cof re de Perote, 2. — Oaxaca: Playa Vicente, 1. — Tabasco: Teapa, 5.

3 Mr. Peters has shown Lafresnaye's type to agree with the form known by the subspecific name medianus, the locality "Mexico" being obviously an error.

10 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII

Choctum, Chisec), Honduras (San Pedro), and Costa Rica (Icazu, Turri- alba, Bebedero) ; Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 436— Miravalles to Bebedero, Costa Rica.

Saltator magnoides medianus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 664, 1901 — Guatemala to Costa Rica (no type nor type locality specified);1 Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 156, 1903— Yaruca, Honduras; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 120, 1907— Los Amates, Guatemala; Ferry, I.e., p. 281, 1910— Guayabo and Port Limon, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 877, 1910— Costa Rica (habits); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1112, 1912— Guate- mala to Costa Rica; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 35, 1919 — Siquirres, Costa Rica, and San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua; Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 461, 1928 — Almirante and Chiriquicito, Panama.

Saltator magnoides magnoides Peters, Auk, 30, p. 379, 1913 — Xcopen, Quintana Roo; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, pp. 467, 468, 1929— Lancetilla, Honduras (crit., range); Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 242, 1932— Eden, Nicaragua; Stone, I.e., 84, p. 341, 1932— Lancetilla, Tela, and Laguna Toloa, Honduras.

Saltator maximus magnoides Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 338, 1931 — Almirante, Guabo, and Crimacola, Panama.

Saltator magnus magnoides Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 353, 1932— Guatemala (Finca Chama, Chipoc, Chimoxan, Finca Conception, Secan- quim, Finca Sepacuite, La Perla, Barrillos).

Range. — Tropical zone of Chiapas (Santa Rita), Campeche (San Felipe), Quintana Roo (Xcopen), British Honduras, Guatemala, Hon- duras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica (except extreme southwestern section), and Caribbean slope of northwestern Panama (Almirante Bay region).

18: Guatemala (Los Amates, Izabal, 3); Nicaragua (San Rafael del Norte, 1); Costa Rica (Limon, 8; Peralta, 1; Santa Cruz de Turrialba, 1; Guayabo, 4).

*Saltator maximus intermedius Lawrence. PANAMA BUFF- THROATED SALTATOR.

Saltator intermedius Lawrence, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 106— New Granada, Isthmus of Panama (type in coll. of Geo. N. Lawrence, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 176, 1865— David, Chiriqui (crit.); Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 32, 1900— Loma del Leon, Panama (crit.); idem, Auk, 18, p. 369, 1901— Divala, Chiriqui; idem, I.e., 24, p. 311, 1907— Boruca, El Pozo, Barran ca de Terraba, and Barranca de Punta- renas, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 876, 1910— Costa Rica (Pozo Azul de Pirris, El General, Buenos Aires, Boruca).

Saltator magnoides (not of Lafresnaye) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 69, 1856— part, Chiriqui; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1864, p. 351— Panama Rail-

1 Berlepsch (I.e., p. 1112) selected Guatemala as type locality.

1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 11

road; Salvin, I.e., 1867, p. 140— Santa F6, Veraguas; idem, I.e., 1870, p. 189 — Veraguas (CaloveVora, Chitra) and Chiriquf (Mina de Chorcha, Bugaba, Volcan de Chiriqui); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 327, 1884 — part, Panama references and localities; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 284, 1886 — part, spec, m-t, Chiriquf, Bugaba, Volcan de Chiriquf, Santa Fe, and Panama; Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geogr. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 139, 1893 — Lagarto, Boruca, and Buenos Aires, Costa Rica; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 4, 1899— Colon, Panama.

Saltator magnoides inlermedius Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 665, 1901— Panama to Chiriquf (monog.); Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 68, 1902— Boquete, Chiriquf; Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 224, 1906 — savanna of Panama; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1113, 1912 — Chiriquf to Panama; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 276, 1918 — Gatun, Panama (nest and eggs descr.); Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 322, 1924 — Gatun, New Culebra, and Gorgona, Panama (nest and eggs descr.); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 468, 1929 — southwestern Costa Rica to the Canal Zone (crit.).

Range. — Tropical zone of southwestern Costa Rica (TeYraba Valley north to Pozo Azul de Pirris) and western Panama east to the Canal Zone.1

13: Costa Rica (El Pozo, Rio Terraba, 2; Boruca, 2; Buenos Aires, 2; Puerto Jimenez, Gulf of Dulce, 1); Panama (Bugaba, Chiriqui, 1; Colon, 4; Boqueron, 1).

Saltator maximus iungens Griscom.2 CANA BUFF-THROATED SALTATOR.

Saltator maximus iungens Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 184, 1929 — Cana, Darien (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.).

Range. — Tropical zone of extreme eastern Panama (Cana, Darien).

*Saltator maximus maximus (P. L. S. Miiller).3 LESSER BUFF- THROATED SALTATOR.

1 Birds from the Terraba Valley agree with a series from Panama.

2 Saltator maximus iungens Griscom: "Similar to S. m. maximus, but connecting it with S. m. intermedius, being intermediate in size and having the crissum yellower, less fulvous; differing from both of its allies by duller, less yellowish green upper parts. Wing (males), 93-102 mm." (Griscom, I.e.)

3 1 cannot recognize this species in "Le Griverd, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 616, upon which Coracias cayanus Boddaert (Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 38, Dec., 1783), Coracias cayennensis Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, [2], p. 381, 1788), and Saltator virescens Vieillot (Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 14, p. 104, 1817) are based. The bird is represented with reddish bill, white throat, and olive green thighs and under tail coverts, characters that do not fit either this or any other member of the genus. We do not understand Mathews and Iredale's remark (Austr. Av. Rec., 3, p. 40, 1915) that "the figure is a splendidly colored and accurate plate of the Cayenne bird," and reject it as unidentifiable, while pi. 205, the basis of Miiller's description, unquestionably refers to the present species.

12 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII

Tanagra maxima P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 159, 1776— based on "Tangara, des grands bois de Cayenne" Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 205; Cayenne.

Tanagra major "Brisson" Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 12, 1783— based upon Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 205; Cayenne.

Tanagra magna Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 890, 1789 — based on Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 205, Cayenne; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 525, 1830— Rio Guajindiba, Rio de Janeiro (habits).

Saltator olivaceus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 14, p. 108, 1817— based on Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 205, Cayenne; Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. ZooL, 7, cl. 2, p. 36, 1837 — "Corrientes"=Yuracares, Bolivia (spec, in Paris Museum examined).

Saltator cayana (not Coracias cayanus Boddaert) d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Me>id., Ois., p. 290, 1839— Yuracares, Bolivia.

Saltator cayanus Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 450, 1921— British Guiana.

Saltator magna Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 489, 1850— Brazil and Guiana.

Saltator magnus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 142, 1851 — Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 199, 1856 — Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro (nest and eggs descr.); Sclater, Proc. ZooL Soc. Lond., 24, p. 70, 1856 (monog.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 218, 1870— Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba, Goyabeira), Goyaz (Goyaz, Rio dos Piloens), Barra do Rio Negro [=Manaos] and Rio Icanna, Brazil; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 539, 1884— Peru (Xe- beros, Yurimaguas, Amable Maria, Huiro, Cosnipata, Huambo, Chiri- moto, Moyobamba); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 285, 1886— Colombia (Minca, Manaure, "Bogota," Remedios), Ecuador (Santa Rita, Sarayacu), Peru (Chamicuros), Bolivia (Tilotilo), British Guiana (Bartica Grove, Roraima), Cayenne, Para, Pernambuco, Bahia, and "Rio Claro, Goyaz;" Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. ZooL, 9, p. 23, 1902— Venezuela (Maipures, Orinoco; Suapure, La Pricion, and Nicare, Caura); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 64, 1914 — Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay.

Saltator maximus Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 364, 1891— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 370, 1907 — Bahia and Rio Doce, Espirito Santo (range) ; Berlepsch, Nov. ZooL, 15, p. 118, 1908 — Cayenne; idem, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1113, 1912 (range); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 459, 1914— Para, Benevides, Apehu, Peixe-Boi, Santo Antonio do Prata, Rio Guama, Rio Tocantins, Rio Tapajoz, Rio Purus (Bom Lugar), Monte Alegre, Obidos, and Maranhao, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 200, 1916— Orinoco region; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 561, 1917— Colombia (Noanama, San Jose, Barbacoas, La Frijolera, Puerto Valdivia, below Andalucia, Buena Vista, Villavicencio, Florencia); idem, I.e., 55, p. 616, 1926 — Ecuador (many localities from the Tropical zone east and west of the Andes) ; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 502, 1922 — Santa Marta region (crit.).

Saltator maximus maximus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., ZooL Ser., 12, p. 290, 1929 — Maranhao (Tury-assu, Rosario, Fazenda Inhuma) and Goyaz (Santo Antonio) (crit.); Zimmer, I.e., 17, p. 463, 1930 — Vista

1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 13

Alegre, Huachipa, and Chinchao, Peru; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus.

N. H., 60, p. 349, 1930— Tapirapoan and Utiarity, Matto Grosso. Saltator cayanus interjedor Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), 8, p. 445, Oct.,

1921 — Serra da Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil (type in British Museum). Saltator cayanus bolivianus Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), 8, p. 445, Oct.,

1921— Chulumani, Bolivia (type in British Museum). Saltator cayanus santaritensis Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), 8, p. 446,

Oct., 1921 — Santa Rita, western Ecuador (type in British Museum).

Range. — Tropical zone of South America, from Colombia (includ- ing Santa Marta region), Venezuela, and the Guianas south to Rio de Janeiro,1 Goyaz, Matto Grosso, and Paraguay (Puerto Bertoni); in the Andean countries south to western Ecuador, and east of the Andes to southeastern Peru anol northeastern Bolivia (Chulumani, Tilotilo, etc., Dept. La Paz; Yuracares, Dept. El Beni).2

29: British Guiana (Hyde Park, Demerara River, 1); Venezuela (Maracay, Aragua, 1; Orope, Zulia, 1); Colombia (Tucurinca, Santa Marta, 1; Monteria, Bolivar, 1; Cauca, 1; "Bogota," 2); Ecuador (Puente de Chimbo, 2); Peru (Moyobamba, 4; Rioja, 1; Vista Alegre, 5; Huachipa, 1; Chinchao, 1); Brazil (Tury-assu, Maranhao, 1; Rosario, Maranhao, 1 ; Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, Maranhao, 1 ; Cha- pada, Matto Grosso, 2; Santo Antonio, Goyaz, 1; Santo Amaro, Bahia, 1).

*Saltator atripennis atripennis Sclater. BLACK-WINGED SALTATOR.

Saltator atripennis Sclater, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 8, p. 261, 1856— Popayan, Colombia (type in coll. of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 25, 1899); Sclaterand Salvin, Proc. Zool.Soc.Lond.,1879, p.505— Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 286, 1886— part, spec, d-f, Colombia (Medellin, Antioquia); Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1120— Pueblo Rico, western Andes of Colombia; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1113, 1912 — part, Medellin, Colombia.