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162

THE CLASSICAL WEEKLY [Vol. XIV, No. 21, Whole No. 390

introduction to actual work in the major fields of Latin
research, such as epigraphy, palaeography, text criti-
cism, etc , with the idea that he should gain an acquaint-
ance with each of these fields so that he may be able to
comprehend the published work of others in its bearing
on his work as a college teacher. The course in tests
and problems has as its end an acquaintance with
modern educational tests and measurements, their
bearing on the improvement of instruction, and the
desirability of devising tests for college subjects; the
problems have to do with experimental problems in
college teaching. The course on Roman Influence
should deal with the influence of Rome on the modern
world, an almost endless course and one demanding
an encyclopaedic knowledge on the part of the instruc-
tor.

This course of study will not produce a research
specialist but the world will not be a loser. Instead,
it will produce a person vitally interested in the teach-
ing of Latin for its own sake, one who has secured
more training in teaching than there is at the present
time, one who will never fall into the category of the
"dryasdusts" who have brought Latin and Greek to
the position which they now hold. It will help to
remove from colleges the stigma that the poorest
teaching that exists is now protected by the college
walls. It will thereby justify itself.

Every attempt to be concrete deserves the warmest
commendation, whether one approves it in the large,
or not, and however much one may take exception to
it in detail. It has seemed worth while, therefore, to
bring Professor Foster's attempt to be concrete pretty
fully to the attention of all readers of The Classical
Weekly, that they may think about it, and, if they
feel so disposed, express themselves in its columns on
the subject.

Meanwhile, one or two observations occur to me.
On the whole, it would seem to me personally rather
regrettable that a person should study Latin in College,
from first to last, only with respect to the professional
use of Latin later, to the making of a living out of
Latin through the teaching of that subject. Professor
Foster nowhere suggests that the would-be College
teacher of Latin should study Latin with any notion
that such study might contribute, in his case, to the
making of a proper life, in addition to the mere
making of a living. As far as I can make out, nowhere
does Professor Foster suggest that the student of Latin
should really make every effort to learn as much
Latin as possible. In particular, the would-be College
teacher of Latin, brought up under Professor Foster's
scheme, would, in his two years of graduate study,
devote extremely little time and attention to the
mastery of Latin itself. He does not say, for instance,
whether the course on the "History Latin Literature 3
hr.", in the first year of graduate study, should be
conducted in English only, or should consist of readings
in a miscellaneous array of Latin authors. I notice
one other very serious and lamentable omission — the
failure to mention a knowledge of Greek as in any sense
part and parcel of the preparation of the would-be
College teacher of Latin.

I seem to detect an inconsistency in Professor Foster's
talk about the nature of College students. At one

time he appears to talk of them as if they are not
really different from High School students (therefore
the would-be College teacher of Latin must take a
course in methods of teaching High School Latin,
must 'observe' the teaching of High School Latin, and
do 'practice teaching' of Latin in the High School).
At another time Mr. Foster seems to think of the
College student as very different from the High School
pupil (hence the would-be College teacher of Latin
must have a brand new course, the psychology of
College students, must study methods of teaching
College Students, and 'observe' the College teaching
of Latin) I note that Mr. Foster does not actually
advocate 'practice teaching' of Latin in College as
part of the graduate work. He ought, in logic, so to
do, at least while he believes that the College student
is different from the High School student.

Finally, I may remark that Professor Foster's last
paragraph was to me particularly interesting. I am
growing desperately weary of such declarations as his
— whether they are made by Professors of Education,
by College and University Presidents, or by persons
who know absolutely nothing about the teaching of
Latin, in School and College, as that teaching is con-
ducted to-day — to the effect that the one reason in the
world for the position in which Latin and Greek find
themselves to-day is bad teaching of them in the past.
I doubt, myself, very much whether in the kind of
course which Professor Foster outlines the would-be
teacher of College Latin would find the inspiration
which would prevent him or her from falling "into the
category of the 'dryasdusts' who have brought Latin
and Greek to the position which they now hold" —
assuming that the dryasdusts are alone responsible
for that position. However, I did not mean to indicate
my own impression of Professor Foster's proposals.
I meant rather to bring them to the attention of the
readers of The Classical Weekly.

C. K.

A CLASSIFICATION OF THE SIMILES IN THE
ARGONAUTICA OF APOLLONIUS RHODIUS

While the student of the Argonautica of ApoUonius
Rhodius is inevitably reminded throughout the poem
of Apollonius's debt to Homer, that indebtedness is
nowhere more apparent than in his use of simile. A
careful study of the similes of the Argonautica specifi-
cally and of their relation to those of Homer has
already been made. Professor Charles J. Goodwin,
in his dissertation, ApoUonius Rhodius, His Figures,
Syntax, and Vocabulary', discusses the number of the
similes, the relative frequency of their occurrence, and
their general range; and Maximilianus Schellert, in
his dissertation, De Apollonii Rhodii Comparationibus^,
has treated the subject very fully and satisfactorily,
including an exhaustive study of Homeric parallels.

'Johns Hopkins dissertation, 1891.
^Dissertation at Halle, 18SS.

April 11, 1921']

THE CLASSICAL WEEKLY

163

But there has existed no classification of the similes
of the Argonautica in outline form. Such a classifica-
tion leaves much to be desired in the way of revealing
the full content of the similes, but it may have a
certain value in that it shows graphically the extent
to which Apollonius does or does not follow Homer in
the range of phenomena upon which he draws, espe-
cially if the outline is compared with a similar classi-
fication of the similes of Homer'.

The classification made in this paper reveals a some-
what larger number of similes than has been listed
previously. Schellert says there are not less than 76
"pleniores comparationes"*, but he omits those which
express "modum et mensuram"*. Professor Goodwin
finds 79 extended similes and 50 of briefer compass,
making a total of 129^. Our figures are 91 and 60
respectively; even if we make subtractions for pas-
sages containing more than one object of comparison,
we still have a total of 143.

While the similes of the Argonautica fall into the
same general classification as those of Homer, we
observe a difference in emphasis. Apollonius seems
more vividly sensitive to natural phenomena, parti-
cularly the phenomena of the Heavens, and to the
common experiences and materials of human life than
he is to the vegetable and animal world. And again,
while Apollonius draws upon the same general classes
of phenomena or experiences as Homer, he introduces
several new subjects of comparison, and in the actual
content of his similes he is often quite independent of
his predecessor. Of the 60 simiks occurring in a mere
phrase of one or two words only, 40 different objects
of comparison are represented, and of these only 18
occur at all in the Homeric similes, although four more
may be found in other poets prior to Apollonius'. So,
too, in the 91 longer similes, while 30 are drawn from
the same object and have the same point of comparison
as in Homer, and 16 others are similar to Homer's in
some particular, about one-third of the remaining 45
are new', and the rest have nothing in common with

^See my paper, A Classification of the Similes cf Homer, in
The Classical Weekly 13.147-150, 154-159. ^Page 6.

^Page 6, note 3. He omits 1.458, 2.1079, and 3.1390, besides
si.x similes whose point lies in time or distance.

^Page I and page 5, note. He omits from his list of extended
similes 1.458, 603, 725, 1192, 3.1272, 4.961; from the briefer
similes, 3.227, 855, 857, 858, 1282, 1283, 1305, 4.656 f., 1544, He
includes 1.739, which does not seem to be a real simile,

'The following objects of comparison in brief similes are not found
in the similes of Homer; che old abandoned by the young, a down-
cast person, a roller, an arrow, oars, newly-cut flesh, the sap of an
oak, a thief, the rebound of a hammer, Apollo, a sea-monster,
pieces of skin, a haze, a grazing animal ''0op/3ds), the horns of the
moon, and molten lead. The bow, the crocus, a flash, and gold do not
occur in similes in Homer, but the bow appears in a simile in Euri-
pides, Bacchae 1066 (see also Theocritus 25.245), the crocus in
Hymn to Demeter 178, a flash (of the eye) in Hymn to Hermes 43 flf.,
and gold in .Pieman 5.54 and Theognis 449 f. Professor Goodwin
(page 3) speaks of the atdviat as "new", but the bird occars in a
simile in Od, 5.353.

SThe following additional objects of comparison in long similes
are not found in Homer: young men telling tales at a banquet,
a path through a grassy plain, beams of wood on a beach, Typho
or some other Earth Giant, tiling a roof, length of race course,
ants, hide of yearling ox or hind, length of a spring day, men wander-
ing bewildered in time of crisis. The sea-monster and the beauty
of Apollo occur in long similes as well as in short. The gadfly
and the dolphin are found in similes in Od. 22.300 and II. 21.22
respectively, but not as objects of comparison. Maidens play ball
in Od. 6.100, but not in a simile.

Homer beyond the fact that they are drawn from the
same object, whether it be the moon or a hunter'. If
we except the few further instances in which Apollonius
uses objects of comparison found in the similes of au-
thors dating between Homer and his own day'", we still
find that nearly one-third of the entire number of his
similes are essentially original — that is, in so far as we
can judge from our extant poetry. By far the greater
number of these deal with genre pictures, or with the
common instruments of civilization, such as the
roller and the oar, but there are a few drawn from
Nature, such as the path through a grassy plain, the
ant, and the sea-monster.

In the following outline classification, similes which
have a point of comparison in common with similes
drawn from the same phenomena in Homer are marked
with a *; those of the longer similes which have a
certain similarity to Homer's but a different point of
comparison are marked with a f- In general, the
Homeric parallels will be evident from the classifica-
tion of Homeric similes mentioned above. Where
they are not, footnote references will be given.
I. Similes Drawn from Natural Phenomena
A. From the Phenomena of the Heavens

1. From the Sun

a. *The brightness of the sun when it

rises — 1.724 f., 3.1229 f.

b. The swiftness of the sun's rays — 4.847 f .

c. Sunbeams playing on water — 3.756 ff.
(An eclipse of the sun — 4.1280 ff.)".

2. From the Moon

a. Seen through a mist — 4.1479 f.

b. The horns of the moon — 4.1616.

(The full moon shining on a finely
wrought robe — 4.167 ff.)".

3. From the Stars

a. *The bright radiance of the stars — i .240,

774 ff.. 240 ff. 3.1359 ff.

b. *A falling star, or meteor — 3. 141, 1377 ff.

c. *The Dog-star — 3.957 ff.

4. From the length of a day in Spring — 4.961.

5. From a flash of radiance — 4.847'^

'The following longer similes are new in ."Apollonius except for
the fact that Homeric similes are drawn from the same general
object: lying in wait for a wolf in his lair, tempest tearing away a
ship's mast, nailing a ship's timbers, bulls fighting for a heifer,
bees smoked from a rock, the burning heat of fire, reflection of
sunbeams on water, oaks and pines side by side, dew evaporating
in the sun, Poseidon going to the Isthmian games, reef awaiting
billows, laborer goading oxen, unyoking oxen, dogs fighting over
food, cutting unripe grain to keep it from foe, maiden stealing
from house, huntsmen rising early, clouds red ai: sunrise, training
horses for the races, maiden rejoicing in robe resplendent in moon-
light, the number of waves of the sea, the swiftness of the sun's
rays, a widow toiling all night, fledglings fallen from a rock, the
moon seen through a mist, and a snake creeping to its hole.

'"The war horse eager for battle occurs in a simile in Aeschylus,
Septem 302 f.; a phantom in Euripides, Phoenissae 1543; the
dolphin in Pindar, Nem. 6.64 f. (compare Moschus 2.123): and
the singing swan in Alcman 5.100 f., Aeschylus. Ag, 1444, Euripides.
El, I5T, Her, Fur, no, 601. I-ycophron, a contemporary of
Apollonius, has a simile in which wasps are smoked from a rock
(Alex. 293), which reminds us of the smoking of the bees in Apol-
lonius 2.130 ff.

•^Classified below according to the point of the simile.

'-See scholia repetita ex editione Hcnrici Stcphani on this passage :
ovSels yap dKrivoJv ^oXijv KaraXajH^aOai SvvaTai, ohre ttjv
Xcyon^vrjv diJ.apvyTjv ^ris^ffri \afj.Tnjdovos avvexovs Spfitjats-

164

THE CLASSICAL WEEKLY [Vol. XIV, No. 21, Whole No. 390

B. From Atmospheric Phenomena

1. From the wind

a. The wind in general

(i) *The swiftness of the wind — 4.22 1 ,
877, 1366.

(2) *The noise of the wind — 3.1328 f,

b. *A strong gust of wind, or whirlwind —

2.267.

2. From a haze — 4. 1245 f.

3. From clouds

a. *From a cloud in general — 2.566.

b. From clouds turned red at sunrise —

4.125 f.

4. From storm phenomena

a. From lightning

(i) From the suddenness of the flash

— 2.267.
(2)* From the brightness of the flash

— 3.l265ff., 4.185.

(3) From the fury of the lightning —

3-I305-

b. From a tempest, tearing away a ship's

mast — 1. 1200 ff.

c. fFrom hail — 2.1 083 fl.

C. From Fire Phenomena

i.*From the flash or gleam of fire — 1.544, 1297,

4-173, '145, 1544-
2.*From the fury of fire falling on dry thickets

— 1. 1027 f.
3.*From the roar of fire — 3.1299 ff.''
4. From the burning heat of fire — 3.287, 291 ff.
5.*From the destruction wrought by fire —

4.489.
6. fFrom smoke, curling upward — 4.139 ff."

D. From Water Phenomena

I. fFrom a conduit filled with water — 3.1392 f.'»
2. From sea phenomena

a. From the number of waves on a stormy

sea — 4.214.

b. fFrom a dark wave rolling over a noise-

less sea — 4.152 f.

c. fFrom a wave raising its crest against a

ship — 2.70 ff."

d. *From the roar of the sea dashing on the

rocks — 3.1370 f."
3.*From ice — 3.227
4. From dew, evaporating in the sun — 3. 1020 f .

E. From Terrestrial Phenomena

i.*From a steep mountain or cliff — 2.169, 5**i.
4-945-

2. From a path through a grassy plain — 1.546.

3. From a reef, awaiting billows driven by the

wind — 3.1295 f.

II. Similes Drawn from the Vegetable World
A. *From the Number of Leaves — 4.216 f.

i^Compare II. 14.396 ff.
"Compare 11. 18.207 ff-. 21.522 ff.
'^Compare II. 21.257 ff.

"Compare II. 15.381 ff.
i^Compare II. 14.16 ff.

B. From the Crocus — 3.855.

C. fFrom New Shoots drooping under Torrent of

Rain — 3.1399 ff."

D. From Trees

1. fFrom a tall poplar sapling — 1.1192.

2. From oaks or pines

a. Rooted side by side on a mountain

—3.968 ff.

b. *Falling, shaken by sudden gusts of

wind— 3.1375 f.

c. From the sap of a mountain oak

—3-858-

3. *From a pine, left half cut and falling in a

blast— 4.1682 ff.

III. Similes Drawn from the Animal World

A. From Insects

1. From flies

a. *In general, swarming about honey

—4.1452 ff.

b. The gadfly, speeding through the

air unseen — 3.276 ff.

2. From ants, crowding around their hole —

4-145 f-

3. From bees

a. 'Humming around lilies — 1.879 ff.

b. Buzzing and darting away when

smoked from bee rock — 2.130 ff.

B. From Fish

From dolphins playing about a ship — 4.933 ff,

C. From a Snake, creeping along hissing till it

enters hole — 4. 1 54 1 ff.

D. From Birds

1. In general

a. A flock of birds clamoring in flight —
4.238 ff.
b. Fledglings fallen from a cleft in a
rock — 4.1297 f.

2. From specific birds

a. From swans singing on banks of the

Pactolus — 4.1300 ff.

b. From doves, fleeing before hawks —

1. 1049 f.

c. From the hawk (/c/p/cos)

(1) *Flying swiftly — 2.933 ff.

(2) fDriving flocks of doves — -

4-485 f-

d. *From the sea gull, diving — 4.966 f.

E. From Mammals

1. From sea monsters — 3.1395, 4.317 f.

2. From a beast of the field in general —

4.1449.

3. From domestic animals

a. *From sheep following a shepherd —

1.575 ff-, 4-674 f-

b. From swine — 2.1023 f.

c. From cattle

(l) From the bull

'^Compare II. 8.306.

April 11, 1921]

THE CLASSICAL WEEKLY

165

(a) *Stung by gadfly, rush-

ing in frenzy and
stopping at intervals
to bellow — 1. 1265 ft."

(b) Two bulls battling for a

heifer— 2.88 f.
(2) fFrom oxen toiling at plough —
2.662 ff.

d. From a war horse eager for battle

—3.1259 fit.

e. From dogs

(1) *Chasing goats or a deer — 2.

278 ff.

(2) Destroying one another about

their food — 3.1058, 1373 f.

(3) A dog darting for spring, mad

with thirst — 4.1393.
4. From wild animals

a. fFrom a fawn, frightened by hounds

— 4.12 f.

b. From beasts of prey

(i) In general

(a) From beasts which eat

raw flesh — 4.672.

(b) From a beast increasing

in might and spirit —

2.45-

(c) Hearing sheep bleating

and rushing in vain to
find them — 1. 1243 ff.

(2) fFrom the wild boar, whetting

his tusks against hunters
— 3.i350ff.2»

(3) *From wolves, terrifying sheep

— 2.123 ff-

(4) From the lion

(a) f Wounded, watching only

the hunter who dealt
the blow — 2.26 ff.

(b) fRoaring as he seeks his

mate — 4.1338 iT.^'

(c) *Lions driving a great

flock of sheep before
them — 4.487 f.
IV. Similes Drawn from Human Beings, their Activi-
ties and Experiences

A. From Pieces of Skin— 4.656 f.'"-

B. From Women and their Experiences

1. From a slave woman — 1.285,

2. From a captive maid stealing from a

wealthy house — 4.35 ff. ,

3. fFrom a young bride lamenting the loss of

her husband — 3.656 SP

"The bellowing of the bull is the only point in common with
the Homeric similes.

snCompare Shield of Heracles 386 ff., as well as II. 13.471 ff.

^'Compare II. 18.318 ff. This is the only simile in which the
roaring of the lion is mentioned or implied. Schellert's "passim
in Homer" (17) is too sweeping.

"R. C. Seaton, in his Loeb Library edition of the Argonautica.
page 339, note calls attention to Strabo, 224, for a confirmation
of this passage. ^jCompare Od. 8. 523 ff.

4. From a widow weeping and toiling all

night — 4.1062 {{.

5. From a maiden rejoicing at rays of full

moon on her finely wrought robe — •
4.167 ff.

C. From the Experiences of Children

1. *From a maid whose life is hard with

step-mother, weeping in arms of
nurse — 1.269 ff-

2. fFrom a child trying to cross a torrent in

winter — 4,460 SP

D. From the Industries

1. From agriculture

a. From a laborer goading oxen —

3-1323 f-

b. *From a gardener or ploughman

coming home for his supper — i .
II 72 f.-5

c. From unyoking oxen — 3.1340 ff.
From butchering — 2.91, f 4.468^^.
From forging — the rebound of the ham-
mer— 3.1254.

From roofing a house with tiles — 2.

1073 ff.
From ship building — nailing a ship's

timbers — 2.79 ff."
From training horses for the races —
4.160 ff.

E. From the Chase

I Huntsmen rising early — 4,109 ff.

2. Lying in wait for a wolf in his lair — 1.991.

F. From Pastimes

1. Young men telling tales at a banquet —

1-458 1-

2. Young men dancing to lyre at festival of

Apollo-1.536 ff.

3. Maidens playing ball — 4.948 ff.

G. From Subjective Experiences

1. A person downcast in spirit — i. 46128.

2. *From thought, its swiftness when traveler

sees his home in fancy and runs over
the way thereto — 2.541 ff.

3. *From dreams — 2.197, 306, 3.446, 4.384.

4. From a phantom — 4.1280.

H. From Miscellaneous Activities and Experien-
ces

I. From an old person left alone by the
young— 1.315 f.
From the clash of battle lines — 2.1077 f-
From the stealthiness of a thief — 3. 1 197.
From a man cutting his unripe grain
when war breaks out — 3.1386 ff.

2.
3-

4-

6.

2.
3-
4-

^''Compare II. 21.282 ff.

2^The point lies in the time at which he does it.
-"Compare Od. 4.535, 11. 411.

2^The point lies in the echo of the blows of the hammer.
-sPor the meaning of Kar7}(p6u}VTi compare II. 22.293. Od,
16.342, 24.432, A. R. 1.267, 3.123.

166

THE CLASSICAL WEEKLY [Vol. XIV, No. 21, Whole No. 390

V

B.

2.

3-
4-
5-

5. From men wandering and groping about,
waiting for the end of war or famine,
or after a destructive storm, or when
strange portents appear — 4.1280 ff.
Similes Drawn from the Objects and Materials of
Civilized Life
A. *From a Ship — the distance a merchantman
can make in a day — 1.603^'.
From Smaller Objects in Wood
I. From a roller — 2.594.
From an arrow — 2.600.
From oars — 2.1255.
From a bow — 2.592.
From beams stretched in rows on beach
— I.i003ff.
From Liquids

1. From drops of olive oil — 4.626.

2. From milk, its whiteness — 4.977 f.
From Metals

1. From gold — 4.729.

2. From molten lead — 4.1680 f.
From hide of a yearling ox or hind — 4.174 f.
From the color of newly-cut flesh — 3.857.
From the distance between turning-posts and

starting-place in a race course — 3.1272 ff.
Similes Likening Human Beings to the Gods

A. To Apollo, his beauty — 1.307 ff., 3.1283.

B. *To Artemis, her beauty— 3.876 ff.

C. To Poseidon, going to the Isthmian games — ■

3.1240 ff.

D. *To Ares— 3.1282.

Vn. Similes Drawn from Mythical Characters

A. From the Thyiads — 1.636.

B. From Typho, or some other Earth Giant —

2.38 ff.

C.

D.

E.
F.
G.

VI.

REVIEW

Discovery in Greek Lands. A Sketch of the Principal
Excavations and Discoveries of the last Fifty
Years. By F. H. Marshall. Cambridge: at the
University Press (1920). Pp. xi + 127. Illus-
trated. 8 sh., 6 d.
This is an attractive little sketch, with well selected
illustrations, of the results of excavations in Greek lands
since 1870, written for the Cambridge Manuals of
Science and Literature. It gives much information
about vases, sculpture, and other art finds, as well as
about archaeology and topography. The speciaUst will
probably turn to Michaelis, A Century of Archaeologi-
cal Discoveries (translated by Miss Kahnweiler: see
The Classical Weekly 2. 158), and to the detailed
reports in the Journals, but the general reader who
would like to know something of the progress of dis-
covery in Greece and Greek lands will find this a very
useful book; even the archaeologist will profit by this
good brief resume and will find it a valuable introduction
to the subject. The material is arranged chronologi-

"Comparc Od. 4.356 f.

cally and the main sites are treated under an earlier and
a later prehistoric period (before 1000 B.C.; 1000 B.C.-
700 B.C.), and under an earlier and a later historic
period (700-500 B.C.; 500-150 B.C.). The term "pre-
historic" is certainly incorrect and misleading, since the
word is generally applied nowadays in a different sense.
There are special chapters on temple sites and on the
great centers of Greek life, Delphi, Olympia, etc., and
on Some Isolated Discoveries. But there is no mention
of the excavation of post-Mycenaean sites in Cyprus,
or of the finds in Southern Russia, especially at Kertsch
and Olbia. There is a detailed bibliography and a list,
in chronological and topographical order, of the more
important excavations. The book is fairly accurate for
so broad a subject, but I have noticed a few bad slips,
and there are one or two other points to which attention
may be called.

On page 28 it is said that ''no traces of Mycenaean
civilization were found at Olympia", but Dorpfeld a
few years ago found there several rude stone houses, the
older of round, the younger of semi-oval, plan, which
may be as late as the bronze age, though they are com-
monly regarded as neohthic. On page 36, instead of
one of two almost identical illustrations of the so-called
Typhon, the reconstruction of the whole group might
have been given. An up-to-date picture of Peirene at
Corinth should replace the illustration on page 40.
On page 63 we read that the theater at Priene had a
raised platform, which possibly served as a stage. Mr.
Marshall says that the use as a stage is doubtful, but it
is practically certain that in Greek days the actors
acted in the orchestra at Priene. It is hard to get rid
of the English theory that the Greeks acted on a stage.
The Council House at Miletus was built between 175
and 164 B.C. by Timarchus and Heracle'des.not in the
third century B.C. (65). Nor are the columns which
fronted the stage at Miletus alternately of black and
red marble (67); but the lower marble part of each
column is red, the upper channeled part black, and the
capital of white marble. It is very doubtful whether
there are any remains of a theater at Sardis (71). The
Doric temple on Aegina is said (80) to have been con-
sidered till comparatively recent times that of Zeus
PanhcUenios. The forgery on which that name rested
was early discovered. Till Furtwaengler's excavations
in 1901 the temple was generally called 'The Temple of
Athena'. I cannot bring myself to think that the
archaic inscription which mentions Aphaea shows that
the later fifth-century temple was dedicated to Aphaea
and not to Athena, but the new name will probably con-
tinue to go into articles and handbooks. Surely the
sculptures do not represent a battle between Greeks
and Amazons (81), but an earlier and a later expedition
against Troy. There are no female figures at all in the
pediments reconstructed in Munich except the Athena
in the middle. Another curious error occurs on page
85, where the great temple of Hera at Samos, which
Herodotus calls 'the greatest temple of all those we
know', is said to have 132 columns in all, a triple row of